flake8-inheritance

A Flake8 plugin that nudges you toward composition over inheritance. It detects when classes inherit from concrete internal classes — cases where composition would reduce coupling — and flags concrete methods in abstract base classes that should remain pure interfaces.

Status: Under development. Not yet published to PyPI.

Compatibility

• Python: 3.11, 3.12, 3.13
• Flake8: 6.x, 7.x
• Operating systems: Linux, macOS, Windows

Installation

pip install flake8-inheritance

Quickstart

1. Install the plugin (it registers itself with Flake8 automatically):

   pip install flake8-inheritance
   

2. Enable the plugin rules (it is off by default):

   flake8 --enable-extensions=INH src/
   

   Or configure this once in .flake8 / setup.cfg:

   [flake8]
   enable-extensions = INH
   

3. Configure --project-packages so the plugin knows which imports are part of your project. Add it to .flake8 or setup.cfg:

   # .flake8 or setup.cfg
   [flake8]
   enable-extensions = INH
   project-packages = myproject
   

   Without this option, same-file inheritance and relative imports (e.g. from .models import Base) are still flagged. However, absolute imports from your own packages are treated as external and silently allowed.

4. Run Flake8:

   flake8 src/
   

Verify the plugin is loaded

flake8 --version

The output should include a line like:

flake8-inheritance: X.Y.Z

Error codes

Code	Description
INH001	Inheritance from an internal concrete class (use composition)
INH002	Concrete method in an abstract base class (ABCs should be pure)

INH001 — inheritance from internal class

Triggered when a class inherits from a concrete (non-abstract) class that lives in the same file or in one of the configured --project-packages.

class Engine:
    def start(self) -> None: ...

# INH001: Inheritance from internal class 'Engine' is not allowed
class TurboEngine(Engine):
    def start(self) -> None: ...

Fix: replace inheritance with composition:

class TurboEngine:
    def __init__(self, engine: Engine) -> None:
        self._engine = engine

    def start(self) -> None:
        self._engine.start()

INH002 — concrete method in an ABC

Triggered when a class that derives from abc.ABC (or uses abc.ABCMeta) defines a non-abstract method.

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def speak(self) -> str: ...

    # INH002: ABC 'Animal' contains concrete method 'legs'
    def legs(self) -> int:
        return 4

Fix: make the method abstract, or move the default implementation into a concrete class.

Configuration

This section documents every plugin option and the most common Flake8-native settings used to adopt flake8-inheritance in real projects.

Defaults at a glance

Option	Default	Meaning
--enable-extensions	unset	Plugin checks are disabled until INH is enabled
--project-packages	empty (unset)	Absolute imports are external unless package is configured
--inh002-allowed-dunders	unset (None)	All dunder methods are allowed in ABCs

--project-packages

Comma-separated list of top-level package names that belong to your project. The plugin uses this to distinguish your code from third-party libraries.

[flake8]
enable-extensions = INH
project-packages = myproject,myproject_utils

Default: empty (unset)

When left unset (or set to an explicit empty value), the plugin still flags:

• inheritance from classes defined in the same file
• inheritance via relative imports (for example, from .base import Base)

But it treats absolute imports as external unless their top-level package is listed here.

--inh002-allowed-dunders

Comma-separated list of dunder method names that are permitted as concrete methods in ABCs (e.g., __init__, __repr__).

[flake8]
enable-extensions = INH
inh002-allowed-dunders = __init__,__repr__

Default: unset (None), which allows all dunder methods.

This option has three useful states:

• Unset (no config value): all dunder methods are allowed.
• Empty string (inh002-allowed-dunders =): no dunder methods are allowed.
• Non-empty list: only listed dunder methods are allowed.

Full configuration reference by file format

You can configure these options in whichever Flake8 config style your project uses.

.flake8

[flake8]
enable-extensions = INH
project-packages = myproject,myproject_utils
inh002-allowed-dunders = __init__,__repr__

# Flake8-native filtering controls
select = INH,E,F,W
extend-ignore = E203
per-file-ignores =
    tests/*:INH001

setup.cfg

[flake8]
enable-extensions = INH
project-packages = myproject,myproject_utils
inh002-allowed-dunders = __init__,__repr__

# Flake8-native filtering controls
select = INH,B,C,E,F,W
extend-ignore = E203,W503
per-file-ignores =
    tests/*:INH001
    src/myproject/legacy/*.py:INH001,INH002

pyproject.toml (with flake8-pyproject)

Flake8 does not read pyproject.toml natively. Use flake8-pyproject to enable this format.

[tool.flake8]
enable-extensions = ["INH"]
project-packages = ["myproject", "myproject_utils"]
inh002-allowed-dunders = ["__init__", "__repr__"]

# Flake8-native filtering controls
select = ["INH", "E", "F", "W"]
extend-ignore = ["E203", "W503"]
per-file-ignores = [
  "tests/*:INH001",
  "src/myproject/legacy/*.py:INH001,INH002",
]

Flake8-native options commonly used with this plugin

These are provided by Flake8 itself (not this plugin), but they are important for adoption:

• --select: run only selected code families (for example, --select=INH to focus exclusively on inheritance rules).
• --extend-ignore: suppress specific codes while keeping defaults.
• --per-file-ignores: carve out exceptions for known legacy paths.

Gradual Adoption (report-only workflow)

For existing codebases, adopt incrementally:

1. Start in report-only mode by running Flake8 with --select=INH in CI, but do not fail the build yet.
2. Track and review findings; classify true positives vs intentional patterns.
3. Add temporary per-file-ignores for legacy modules to keep signal high.
4. Fix violations in new/changed code first.
5. Remove ignores over time and then enforce INH rules as required checks.

Example report-only CI command:

flake8 --select=INH src tests || true

Example enforced command once ready:

flake8 --select=INH src tests

Known limitations

• Dynamic base classes are skipped: if a base class is constructed dynamically (for example, through metaprogramming or runtime factory calls), the plugin cannot resolve it statically and does not emit INH001 for that base. Workaround: favor explicit, statically imported base classes where you want enforcement.
• Import aliases keep only top-level package classification: aliases such as from pkg.module import Base as RenamedBase are tracked under RenamedBase, but classification still uses only the top-level package (pkg), not the full defining module path (pkg.module).
• Star imports are skipped for unresolved names: with from pkg.module import *, names introduced indirectly cannot be reliably mapped to import paths, so inheritance checks for those names are skipped. Workaround: replace star imports with explicit imports.
• Re-exports through __init__.py are classified by top-level package name: imports like from pkg import X are classified as pkg without tracing to a defining submodule, so re-exports are not distinguished from direct exports. Workaround: import directly from the defining module when that distinction matters.
• Analysis is single-file only: decisions are made from one file's AST and import statements without cross-file type inference. Workaround: configure project-packages and use explicit imports to improve internal/external classification accuracy within this single-file model.

License

BSD-3-Clause